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In Europe, with the exception of the Balkans, nationalism was based around the claim of a distinct language. Nationalism hinges on the claim that a culturally distinct nation has the right to self-rule. The idea of Ukrainian self-determination can be traced to the 19th century, at a time when nationalist movements appeared all over Europe. Grounded in this worldview is Putin’s belief that Russians and Ukrainians are “one people” and Ukraine is merely an extension of Russia - an idea that can be traced back to the Russian imperial representation of Ukrainians (Little Russians) as junior brothers of Russians (Great Russians). 24, he claimed the “military operation” was an act of self-defence against NATO expansion. Another core aspect is the claim that an independent Ukrainian state is a foreign invention and a security threat to Russia. 23, Putin made the baseless accusation that the invasion was to protect Russian speakers who were allegedly being killed in the eastern Ukrainian province of Donbas. The history and evolution of Ukrainian national identity – podcast

A core aspect is the claim that Russian speakers (those who prefer to speak Russian) and ethnic Russians are basically “Russian” and under threat in Ukraine. Putin’s worldview is based on an extreme version of the Russian nationalist narrative over Ukraine. While his stated objectives hinted at the elimination of Ukraine’s defence - demilitarization - and the removal of its political class - denazification - the rationale behind the invasion is harder to decode. Three weeks have passed since since Russian President Vladimir Putin launched his violent, unprovoked invasion of Ukraine.